Epoch AI estimated that five U.S. hyperscalers owned about 71% of cumulative global AI compute in Q4 2025, up from about 63% in Q1 2024, measured in H100-equivalents.

SocioLens project,

Claim LD11-HQ-C05 (v1.0)

Epoch AI estimated that five U.S. hyperscalers owned about 71% of cumulative global AI compute in Q4 2025, up from about 63% in Q1 2024, measured in H100-equivalents.

Provenance and status

Claim type: Estimate
Publication status: Eligible for publication, with a qualifier
Verification state: Checked against the primary source. Who checked this claim is not recorded for it; claim checks so far were AI-led, and no person has checked claims against their sources.
Does not license: AI workload share, access, usable capacity or governance control
Limitations: Incomplete coverage; H100e approximates heterogeneous hardware
Source (as cited): Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026
Source type: Independent research report (recorded as “Independent research dataset”)
Institutional position: Independent research nonprofit
Maturity of the evidence: Rapidly maturing evidence
Recorded date: 25 September 2026
Currentness / correction: This is the current version. No correction or concern is recorded on its sources.

Sources this version cites

Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026 (Independent research report)
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Version

This page shows version v1.0. Its record never changes, even when newer evidence arrives; the site may add a note to the page or withhold a figure not cleared for public use.

This pinned version is also the current version.

Versions: v1.0 · current

Raw record: every recorded field, with its coded values

All 25 canonical Claim fields, verbatim, with the coded values derived from them. The plain-language labels above are read from these.

Claim type (coded): ESTIMATE (as printed: “ESTIMATE”)
Publication status (coded): ELIGIBLE (QUALIFIED) (as printed: “ELIGIBLE WITH QUALIFIER”)
Verification state (coded): CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY
Source type (coded): INDEPENDENT_RESEARCH_REPORT
Maturity (coded): RAPIDLY_MATURING

#	Canonical field	Canonical value (verbatim)	Normalized (Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2)
1	CLAIM ID	LD11-HQ-C05	—
2	PUBLIC-FACING CLAIM	Epoch AI estimated that five U.S. hyperscalers owned about 71% of cumulative global AI compute in Q4 2025, up from about 63% in Q1 2024, measured in H100-equivalents.	—
3	CLAIM TYPE	ESTIMATE	base_types: ESTIMATE
4	RESEARCH STRAND	B — Cloud and compute	—
5	MATURITY	RAPIDLY MATURING	states: RAPIDLY_MATURING
6	SOURCE	Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026	source_ids: SRC-LD11-EPOCH-AI-CHIP-OWNERS-2026-04-14
7	SOURCE TYPE	Independent research dataset	classes: INDEPENDENT_RESEARCH_REPORT
8	INSTITUTIONAL POSITION	Independent research nonprofit	—
9	SCOPE	Cumulative installed AI chips; global ownership; Q1 2024–Q4 2025	—
10	DESIGN	Modelled observational dataset	—
11	SAMPLE / DATASET	AI Chip Owners dataset	—
12	MODEL / TOOL / VERSION	H100e conversion using peak 8-bit compute	—
13	COMPARATOR	Rest of world chip owners	—
14	MAIN RESULT	70.7% in Q4 2025 vs 62.5% in Q1 2024	—
15	INFERENTIAL TARGET	Concentration in ownership of installed AI compute	—
16	DOES NOT LICENSE	AI workload share, access, usable capacity or governance control	—
17	VERIFICATION STATE	CONTENT VERIFIED	state: CONTENT_VERIFIED_PRIMARY · verified_by: UNKNOWN
18	LIMITATIONS	Incomplete coverage; H100e approximates heterogeneous hardware	—
19	CONTRADICTORY / SUPPORTING SOURCES	Generic cloud-revenue shares use a different denominator	—
20	GEOGRAPHY / LANGUAGE	Global / English	—
21	DISTRIBUTIONAL LEDGER	Non-hyperscalers often rent rather than own frontier-scale compute	—
22	R01 / FIELD-MAP LINKS	D1, D3, L-A, L-B, R-1, LD-11	—
23	WHAT WOULD CHANGE THIS CLAIM?	Consistent newer ownership series showing sustained deconcentration	—
24	PUBLICATION STATUS	ELIGIBLE WITH QUALIFIER	state: ELIGIBLE · qualifiers: QUALIFIED
25	RECORDED DATE	2026-09-25	—

Field 22 references resolved against Field Map v0.2: D1 (DOMAIN); D3 (DOMAIN); L-A (LENS); L-B (LENS); R-1 (LENS); LD-11 (LIVING_DEBATE)

The sources as recorded, with their record IDs and coded source types:

Pinned Sources (field 6, version-specific)

“Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026” → Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026 (SRC-LD11-EPOCH-AI-CHIP-OWNERS-2026-04-14--v1.0) — Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026; class INDEPENDENT_RESEARCH_REPORT (explicit public provenance pin)

Cited by Living Debate versions

Concentration, Stack & Sovereignty (v0.1) LD-11

Cite this page

SocioLens project. (2026, September 25). Epoch AI estimated that five U.S. hyperscalers owned about 71% of cumulative global AI compute in Q4 2025, up from about 63% in Q1 2024, measured in H100-equivalents [Claim LD11-HQ-C05, version v1.0]. SocioLens. https://sociolens-web.pages.dev/claims/ld11-hq-c05/v1.0/

@misc{sociolens_ld11_hq_c05_v1_0,
  author = {{SocioLens project}},
  title = {Epoch AI estimated that five U.S. hyperscalers owned about 71\% of cumulative global AI compute in Q4 2025, up from about 63\% in Q1 2024, measured in H100-equivalents.},
  year = {2026},
  date = {2026-09-25},
  howpublished = {\url{https://sociolens-web.pages.dev/claims/ld11-hq-c05/v1.0/}},
  note = {Claim LD11-HQ-C05, version v1.0}
}

The link points to this version, whose record never changes. For a finding, cite the original study as well: SocioLens summarizes research and does not replace it.

Research-of-record provenance

Materialized by sociolens-materializer 0.6.0 at 2026-09-28T20:00:00.000Z; normalization contract SocioLens — Claim Value Vocabulary v1.0.2 — Pre-Spike Materialization Contract (v1.0.2). Content seal SHA-256 970e04b97d1754236379e1fdd7d69ab9f1a37df6bf671010b334562a5274f4de.

Frozen Drive-derived inputs

R06 — LD-11 Canonical Claim Ledger v1.0 — LOCKED (v1.0) — Drive ID 1Ff_IzUBMpax35rKovu0vxXr1WTtpfCDP; revision: NOT_EXPOSED_BY_DRIVE_TEXT_EXPORT; Drive modified ; block “ENTRY 05 — LD11-HQ-C05 ” SHA-256 11f98753b46420d6c32cedfad4ba2bf1c68c3854efa025ce9e08594708ee5c9d; SocioLens — Programme Status & Authority Register v0.6 status “CURRENT.”; frozen fixture fixtures/frozen/r06-ld11-claim-ledger-v1.0.

Builder decisions (not Drive data)

VERSION = v1.0 — basis: Claim version taken from the canonical ledger artifact version (R06 — LD-11 Canonical Claim Ledger v1.0); Implementation Architecture Selection §5
CURRENT_POINTER = true — basis: SocioLens — Programme Status & Authority Register v0.6 status for "R06 — LD-11 Canonical Claim Ledger v1.0 — LOCKED": "CURRENT."
FIELD_6_SOURCE_REFERENCE = SRC-LD11-EPOCH-AI-CHIP-OWNERS-2026-04-14--v1.0 — basis: field 6 of ENTRY 05 — LD11-HQ-C05 cites "Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026"; the frozen field-6 segment of this ClaimVersion's ledger block; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #41 Source inventory): HQ-Q7; Batch 01 §5; ledger C05 fields 6/7/8; KEY EVIDENCE.
SOURCE_PROVENANCE_PIN = SRC-LD11-EPOCH-AI-CHIP-OWNERS-2026-04-14--v1.0 — basis: Issue #5 proof rendering (Architecture Proof Protocol v0.1 AP-08 / Amendment v1.2 §6): explicit version-pinned public provenance of this ClaimVersion — the pinned field-6 Source record "Epoch AI, Emberson, You & Somala, 14 Apr 2026"; Drive-derived identity authority (Issue #41 Source inventory): HQ-Q7; Batch 01 §5; ledger C05 fields 6/7/8; KEY EVIDENCE.